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Sociology exam essay assignment
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1) An operational definition is:
A. a speculative or theoretical statement about the relationship between two variables.
B. the extent to which a measure provides consistent results.
C. an explanation of an abstract concept that is specific enough to allow a researcher to measure the concept.
D. a relationship between two variables whereby a change in one coincides with a change in the other.
2) In a famous study “The Saints and the Rough Necks”, a middle & upper-middle class ‘Saints’ broke far more laws and engaged in more serious transgressons than the working class ‘ Roughnecks’…. but the Saints were not seen as a gang or as designated deviants by the school authorities or the police. This example supports which of the following theories?
A) labeling theory
B) conflict theory
C) A combination of both theories
3) Which sociological theory is especially interested in ascribed statuses (as opposed to achieved), because they often confer privileges in a dominant group or reflect a person’s membership in a subordinate group?
A. functionalist perspective
B. conflict perspective
C. symbolic interactionist perspective
4) The Thomas Theorem (as in W.I. Thomas) states that
A. roles are only as important as the statuses to which they are attached
B. only physical reality is objective
C. situations defined as real become real in their consequences.
D. the basis of humanity is built on the dual existence of creativity and conformity.
5) Ethnocentrism can be seen as having different effects depending on the theory that is being used to look at it or explain it. One theory sees ethnocentrism as the tendency to assume that one’s own culture and way of life really is the best way to live for everyone involved. Therefore, ethnocentrism fosters cohesion in the group that believes this. This observation would best reflect which sociological theory?
A. functionalist perspective
B. conflict perspective
C. symbolic interactionist perspective
D. feminist perspective
6) According to Charles Horton Cooley’s concept of the looking-glass self, individuals come to understand themselves by:
A. resolving their parent-child conflicts.
B. engaging in impression management.
C. adopting the image of how others view them
D. engaging in anticipatory socialization
7) If researchers wanted to examine the opinions of people listed in a city directory, they might call every tenth or fiftieth or hundredth name listed. This would constitute atype of:
A. scale
B. control variable
C. general sample
D. random sample
8) Which sociological theory would likely contend that the role of the mass media is predominantly controlled by large coorporations and therefore has an agenda…suppporting its own interests over other interests of the general population?
A. functionalist perspective
B. conflict perspective
C. symbolic interactionist perspective
9) The race of a criminal offender is associated with the frequency with which capital punishment is administered. In this example, capital punishment would be considered the:
A. hypothesis.
B. independent variable.
C. dependent variable.
D. All of the above
10) Sociologists view all common sense truisms as being incapable of being supported by empirical data.
A. true
B. false
11) The concepts of status and role :
A. prevents information overload
B. make relative strangers predictable
C. are derived from structural functional theory
D. all of the above
E. none of the above
12) The basis for stating “that compared to other animals, only humans can truly experience guilt or shame” is supported by the condition that at this point in history, empirical analysis and at least one sociological theory indicates that only humans:
A. have the capacity to learn a complex language
B. only humans have the capacity to maintain a self concept or self image
C. only humans have a mind
D. all of the above
13) In Lemert’s labeling theory of deviance, primary deviance is considered to be temporary most of the time and others may normalize it…that is, initial rule breaking may not establish a deviant identity in the public’s eye until a public official or specialist makes the label stick.
A. True
B. False
14) Which is the dependent variable in the following statement? “The researchers examined the relationship between age, gender, social class and texting while driving.”
A. Age
B. Gender
C. Texting while driving
D. Social Class
15) The most significant scientific criticism of most astrologers is that they :
A. do not make predictions
B. do not have a theory
C. do not clearly define concepts
D. they do not believe in their own theory
16) A sociologist studies how a teacher’s attitudes toward particular students affect the latter’s ’ performance. Students of similar abilities who are “teacher’s pets” perform at a high level, and students who are viewed as “troublemakers” perform poorly. This would illustrate which explanation of deviance?
A. anomie theory.
B. labeling theory.
C. structural-functionalist approach.
D. all of the above
17) Philip Zimbardo simulated a prison environment that used college students as prisoners and prison guards. His study …
A. indicated that it is impossible to replicate a “real life” situation in a laboratory.
B. demonstrated the hidden influence of social roles.
C. Is an example of applying conflict theory to inequality.
D. was a demonstration of anomie
18) According to Emile Durkheim, a category of people with a higher suicide rate typically experience:
A. more clinical depression.
B. having less money and other resources.
C. weak social attachments to a community.
D. All of the above.
19) A research measure that provides consistent results is considered:
A. valid.
B. reliable.
C. a theory.
D. all of the above
20) Ethnocentrism (concept also in question #5) is the tendency to assume that one’s own culture and way of life should represent the norm and is superior to all others .This feeling of superiority could justify why they should deserve more valued resources in competing with other groups and therefore given the chance, exploit other groups for their own benefit. This statement would support one of the following theories.
A. structural-functionalism
B. social-conflict approach.
C. symbolic-interaction approach.
21) The view that the major media in a country is predominantly owned by large corporations and therefore can control and filter information to the public that benefits its own interests would be a perspective supporting:
A. The condition of hegemony
B. Conflict Theory
C. Symbolic interaction theory
D. A & C
E. A & B
22) Sociological studies support Durkheim’s theory that people who are married are less likely to commit suicide than people who are divorced. In this example, marital status is a (an):
A. hypothesis.
B. independent variable
C. Dependent variable
D. Random Variable.
23) An operational definition of a concept informs others (readers of a study) how a concept is actually measured in the study. If it doesn’t do this then the definition is most likely a
A. a false definition
B. a bad definition
C. no use as a definition
D. a conceptual definition
24) Zygmunt Bauman, in his Chapter titled “Us & Them” used the phrase the imaginary us in his discussion of Patriotism as Ideals we’d like to believe about our perceived in-group.
A. True
B. False
25) There is an on-going argument in society over whether same-sex couples should have the right to get married. When that right was passed by some states in favor of gay marriage then what actually changed for everyone in these communities?
A. a value
B. a norm
C. a law
D. All of the above
26) In applying a type of economic exchange theory to understanding behavior, Foa’s definition of aggression as “the intention of one person or group to take away a resource from another person or group “ is an example of :
A. a conceptual definition
B. an operational definition
C. a common sense definition
D. all of the above
Sociology exam
27) In Milgram’s famous obedience study*, a behavioristic definition of aggression was implemented by using variations of shock inflicted by one subject against another subject to measure the degree of aggression. This measure is an example of:
A) a conceptual definition
B) an operational definition
C) a common sense definition
D) all of the above
*Even if we don’t cover this study by the time you take this exam…you still have enough information from the course to answer it at this point in time!
Sociology exam
28) Durkheim’s use of the concept of anomie in explaining variations in suicide between different groups is based on the strength or vulnerability of one’s agreement system at any one time. This agreement system can be reflected in one’s
A. religion,
B. state of matrimony
C. employability
D. all of the above
Sociology exam
29) In Lemert’s labeling theory of deviance, primary deviance is considered to be temporary most of the time and others may normalize it. In other words, initial rule breaking may not establish a deviant identity in the public’s eye until a public official or specialist makes the label stick.
A. True
B. False
30) From a sociologically perspective, the Zimbardo prison study and the Ash conformity study were similar in that they revealed the potential power of dominant personalities over social positions and situational roles .
A. true
B. false
31) It only takes two people to create a language regardless of how long it may endure.
a. True b. False
32) In the Pulp Fiction movie example on pages 6 & 7 of the Conley text is a good demonstration of the how the application of the sociological imagination can question whether examples of another cultures agreement reality are any more or less deviant from our own reality.
A. True B. False
33) Conflict theory and structural functionalism are considered to be both macro and micro theories within sociology!
A. True B. False
34) According to our sociology text, symbolic interaction theory suggests one’s social identity is nothing more than the sum total of individual stories exchanged and supported between pairs of individuals.
A. True B. False
35) The sociological position on ethnicity is that ii has nothing to do with biology (genes, blood lines etc.)
A. True B. False
36) Sociological research that supports that racial discrimination is alive and well in sections of the work world of the United States can be found by job applications being passed over because of :
A) zip codes
B) birth names
C) level of writing ability
D) all of the above
37) The meaning of consumerism or consumer culture as covered in our sociology text refers to
A) psychological studies that support positive benefits of advertising and shopping in the U.S. economic system?
B) the belief that happiness and fulfillment can be achieved through the acquisition of material possessions.
C) Both A & B
Sociology exam
38)The generalized other is actually equivalent to status positions in the everyday world in that they both provide symbolic keys to making social life predictable among strangers.
A) true B) false
39) The basic difference between families on the success of children moving through the educational system , i.e. the inevitability of doing well in school and going on to college were:
A) the social class of the parents
B) the differential quality of the schools (public as well as private)
C) assessments of students early motivation in grade school
D) A & B
E) B & C
Sociology exam
40) The strength of weak ties is based on the degree of ________in indirect paths within a social network.
A. structural holes
B. embeddedness
C. Both A & B
D. All of the above